Biological Sciences

Faculty List

Associate Chair Undergraduate:  Nathan Lovejoy Email: lovejoy@utsc.utoronto.ca

Overview
Biological Sciences offers five specialist programs:  Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution; Cell and Molecular Biology (with or without the Co-op option); Human Biology; and Integrative Biology. The Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution specialist (BEES) program enables students to explore the origins and maintenance of the Earth's astonishing biodiversity using a variety of perspectives and approaches.  In the Cell and Molecular Biology programs students explore the cellular and sub-cellular mechanisms underlying life processes. The Human Biology specialist program emphasizes the biology of the human species and is tailored for students who wish to pursue a career in a health-related field. The Integrative Biology specialist program approaches biological questions in a multidisciplinary fashion, with course work in a range of biology sub-disciplines.
Biological Sciences also offers three major programs, one minor program and one joint specialist program. The major programs (in Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution; Human Biology; and Biology) allow students to combine their studies in biology with studies in either an unrelated program or in a complementary major program such as neuroscience, environmental science, biological chemistry, health studies or psychology. The minor program in Biology is intended for students who have an interest in biology, but wish to focus their studies in a different discipline. A joint specialist program in Paramedicine is offered by Biological Sciences in collaboration with Centennial College.  Completion of this unique four year program leads to a BSc from UTSC and a Paramedic diploma from Centennial College.  Students that complete the Centennial diploma are eligible to take the Ministry of Health exams required to qualify as a Primary Care Paramedic.  This program is described in the Paramedicine section of this Calendar.

Students are advised to consult the specific program requirements for their degree, and, if necessary, to meet with the appropriate program supervisor for advice on completion of their program requirements. In some instances, courses from other University of Toronto campuses or other institutions may be used to satisfy program requirements, but such substitutions must be pre-approved by the program supervisor. Students are encouraged to check the information that follows thoroughly. Other useful information can be found on the Department of Biological Sciences web site at www.utsc.utoronto.ca/biosci

Admission to Biological Sciences programs
Students apply to one or more Biological Sciences programs after completion of a minimum of 4.0 full credits, including 1.0 credit in Biology, 1.0 credit in Chemistry, and 0.5 credit in Mathematics (excluding MATA02H3) or Statistics and with a cumulative grade point average (CGPA) of at least 2.0. Application for admission is made to the Registrar through ROSI, in April/May and July/August. See the UTSC Registrar's website for information on program (Subject POSt) selection at: www.utsc.utoronto.ca/subjectpost.

Pre-program Supervision in Biological Sciences
Biological Sciences has a pre-program supervisor available to advise students who have not yet chosen a program (primarily 1st year students) on degree and program related matters. Please visit Room SW421D or call 416-287-7404 if you have questions of this nature.

Enrolment in Biological Sciences courses
Priority access to B, C and D level Biology courses is given to students enrolled in Biological Sciences specialist and major programs and other programs requiring these courses. During the first two weeks of Fall/Winter registration, the courses will be restricted to these students. Provided space is available, the courses will be opened up to other students by the third week of the registration period.

Important note about Biological Sciences course codes
Effective 2010-2011, the first three characters of Biological Sciences course codes have changed from BGY to BIO. The rest of the code remains the same. For example, BIOA01H3 is the new equivalent of the former BGYA01H3.

Second Year Core Courses
Students are STRONGLY advised to take ALL of the 2nd year core courses (BIOB10H3, BIOB11H3, (BIOB30H3), BIOB31H3, BIOB34H3, BIOB50H3, BIOB51H3) as well as a core lab course (BIOB12H3 or BIOB32H3 or BIOB33H3 or BIOB52H3) during their 2nd year of study.  This will assist in the selection of upper-level courses, provide the greatest flexibility to satisfy the prerequisites of such courses, and give the background and experience needed to excel in upper-level courses.  Failure to take the entire set of core courses in 2nd year can result in course timetabling conflicts and unfavorable exam schedules (e.g. back-to-back exams) in your upper years.  Students are unlikely to find suitable substitutes for these courses at the St. George or UTM campuses.

Service Learning Outreach (Previously known as Science Engagement)
For experiential learning through community outreach and classroom in-reach, please see the Teaching and Learning section of this Calendar.

Biological Sciences Programs

SPECIALIST PROGRAM IN BIODIVERSITY, ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION (SCIENCE)

Supervisor: I. Stehlik Email: biodiversity@utsc.utoronto.ca
This program presents a foundation for understanding how ecology and evolution shape organismal features (from morphology and physiology to behaviour) and the structure and function of communities and ecosystems. Ultimately these processes determine the broad patterns of organization of life on earth and biodiversity. The challenges to biodiversity are daunting. Habitat destruction, biological invasions and climate change are causing loss of species and disruption of ecosystems worldwide. BEES graduates are trained to understand and actively seek solutions to these problems. This program will show how ecological and evolutionary perspectives can be used to understand and predict the outcome of dynamic interactions among organisms, populations, species, and communities. Students will be well trained to take positions in government agencies, consulting firms or NGO's; able to continue with graduate studies in science for academic careers; or able to pursue careers in business or law related to environmental issues, stewardship and sustainable development.

Program Requirements
This program consists of 14.5 required credits. In selecting options and electives, students should refer to the University of Toronto guidelines for program breadth and depth (see Degree Requirements).  It is advised that, including electives, students should plan to take 5 credits in each year of their four year degree.

A. Required Courses
First Year
1.0 Credit of Introductory Biology Courses
BIOA01H3 Life on Earth: Unifying Principles
BIOA02H3 Life on Earth: Form, Function and Interactions

1.0 Credit of Introductory Chemistry Courses
CHMA10H3 Introductory Chemistry I: Structure and Bonding
CHMA11H3 Introductory Chemistry II: Reactions and Mechanisms

1.0 Credit in Mathematics
MATA30H3 & MATA35H3 Calculus I for Biological and Physical Sciences & Calculus II for Biological Sciences

0.5 Credit in Physics
Choose from:
PHYA10H3 Introduction to Physics IA
PHYA11H3 Introduction to Physics IB

0.5 Credit in Computer Science
Choose from:
CSCA08H3 Introduction to Computer Programming
CSCA20H3 Computer Science for the Sciences
PSCB57H3 Introduction to Scientific Computing (this course could also be taken in second year)

Second Year
3.0 Credits of Biology Core Courses
BIOB10H3 Cell Biology
BIOB11H3 Molecular Aspects of Cellular and Genetic Processes
(BIOB30H3) Mammalian Physiology I or BIOB34H3 Animal Physiology
BIOB31H3 Plant Physiology
BIOB50H3 Ecology
BIOB51H3 Evolutionary Biology

0.5 Credit of Biology Core Labs
BIOB52H3 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory

0.5 Credit in Statistics
Choose from:
STAB22H3 Statistics I
PSYB07H3 Data Analysis in Psychology

Third Year
2.0 Credits of C-level Ecology and Evolution Foundation Courses
BIOC16H3 Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics
BIOC50H3 Macroevolution
BIOC59H3 Advanced Population Ecology
BIOC61H3 Community Ecology and Environmental Biology

Third/Fourth Year
4.5 credits of C- & D-level courses from Bins 1 and 2 below. This must include at least one credit from each bin and at least one credit total at the D-level.

Bin 1: C- & D-level Ecology and Evolution Courses
Choose from:
BIOC51H3 Tropical Biodiversity Field Course
BIOC52H3 Ecology Field Course
BIOC58H3 Biological Consequences of Global Change
BIOC63H3 Conservation Biology
BIOC65H3 Environmental Toxicology
BIOC67H3 Inter-University Biology Field Course
BIOD25H3 Genomics
BIOD52H3 Special Topics in Biodiversity and Systematics
BIOD60H3 Spatial Ecology
BIOD62H3 Species and Speciation
BIOD66H3 Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity
EESC04H3 Biodiversity and Biogeography

Bin 2: C- & D-level Organismal Biology Courses
Choose from:
BIOC37H3 Plants: Life on the Edge
BIOC38H3 Plants and Society
BIOC54H3 Animal Behaviour
BIOC62H3 Role of Zoos in Conservation
BIOD26H3 Fungal Biology & Pathogenesis
BIOD33H3 Comparative Animal Physiology
BIOD37H3 Biology of Plant Stress
BIOD43H3 Animal Movement and Exercise
BIOD45H3 Animal Communication
BIOD48H3 Ornithology and Herpetology
BIOD53H3 Special Topics in Behavioural Ecology
EESC30H3 Microbial Biogeochemistry

B. Senior Research Courses (optional)
Students interested in graduate research are encouraged to take one or more of the independent research courses offered in Biological Sciences as part of their degree.
BIOD95H3 Supervised Study in Biology
BIOD98Y3 Directed Research in Biology
BIOD99Y3 Directed Research in Biology

C. Complementary Elective Courses (optional)
This list of courses from other departments complements a degree in Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution and hence students may want to consider these courses as potential electives. Please note that some of these courses require prerequisites not included in this program. Students are not required to take any of these courses; they are provided for guidance only.
EESA06H3 Introduction to Planet Earth
EESA10H3 Human Health and the Environment
EESB16H3 Feeding Humans - The Cost to the Planet
EESD15H3 Cleaning Up Our Mess: Remediation of Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments
GGRA02H3 The Geography of Global Processes
GGRA30H3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Empirical Reasoning
GGRC44H3 Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development
NROB60H3 Neuroanatomy Laboratory
NROC34H3 Neuroethology
NROC61H3 Learning and Motivation
NROC64H3 Sensory and Motor Systems
PSYA01H3 Introductory Psychology: Part I
PSYA02H3 Introductory Psychology: Part II
PSYB45H3 Behaviour Modification: Origins and Applications
PSYB64H3 An Introduction to Physiological Psychology

SPECIALIST PROGRAM IN CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (SCIENCE)

Supervisor: J. Nash Email: cell-and-molecular-biology@utsc.utoronto.ca

The Cell and Molecular Biology program strives to help students construct a broad foundation of knowledge across the major disciplines of biology in the first two years of study, and combine this knowledge with an increasingly analytical and reflective approach to learning. Upon this base students deepen their knowledge of biological processes that occur at the cellular and molecular level through the course work of their third and fourth years. This is a laboratory-rich program that integrates an understanding of chemical and physical processes with our complex biological systems. Because of broad training in biology and rigorous cross training in cognate disciplines graduates are well positioned to apply to professional and graduate schools or work in a broad range of government regulatory agencies, clinical or research-focused industries and other careers that require the union of strong analytical and technical skills.

Program Requirements

This program consists of 14.0 required credits.  In selecting options and electives, students should refer to the University of Toronto guidelines for program breadth and depth (see Degree Requirements).

First Year
1.0 Credit of Introductory Biology Courses
BIOA01H3 Life on Earth: Unifying Principles
BIOA02H3 Life on Earth: Form, Function and Interactions

1.0 Credit of Introductory Chemistry Courses
CHMA10H3 Introductory Chemistry I: Structure and Bonding
CHMA11H3 Introductory Chemistry II: Reactions and Mechanisms

1.0 Credit in Mathematics
Choose from:
[MATA30H3 & MATA35H3 Calculus I for Biological and Physical Sciences & Calculus II for Biological Sciences], or
[MATA30H3 & MATA36H3 Calculus I for Biological and Physical Sciences & Calculus II for Physical Sciences]

1.0 Credit in Physics
Choose 0.5 credit from:
PHYA10H3 Introduction to Physics IA
PHYA11H3 Introduction to Physics IB

Choose 0.5 credit from:
PHYA21H3 Introduction to Physics IIA
PHYA22H3 Introduction to Physics IIB

0.5 Credit in Statistics
Choose from:
STAB22H3 Statistics I (this course could also be taken in second year)
PSYB07H3 Data Analysis in Psychology (this course could also be taken in second year)

Second Year
3.0 Credits of Biology Core Courses
BIOB10H3 Cell Biology
BIOB11H3 Molecular Aspects of Cellular and Genetic Processes
[(BIOB30H3) Mammalian Physiology I or BIOB34H3 Animal Physiology]
BIOB31H3 Plant Physiology
BIOB50H3 Ecology
BIOB51H3 Evolutionary Biology

0.5 Credit of Biology Core Labs
BIOB12H3 Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory

1.0 Credit of Organic Chemistry Courses
CHMB41H3 Organic Chemistry I
CHMB42H3 Organic Chemistry II

Third Year
3.0 Credits of Biology C-level Courses
BIOC12H3 Biochemistry I: Proteins & Enzymes
BIOC13H3 Biochemistry II: Bioenergetics and Metabolism
BIOC15H3 Genetics
BIOC17H3 Microbiology: The Bacterial Cell
BIOC23H3 Practical Approaches to Biochemistry
BIOC39H3 Immunology (can be completed in third or fourth year)

0.5 Credit in Computer Science
Choose from:
CSCA08H3 Introduction to Computer Programming
CSCA20H3 Computer Science for the Sciences
PSCB57H3 Introduction to Scientific Computing
Computer science might be taken in an earlier year

Third/Fourth Year
0.5 Credit of Cognate Biology Courses
Choose from:
BIOC10H3 Cell Biology: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting
BIOC14H3 Genes, Environment and Behaviour
BIOC19H3 Animal Developmental Biology
BIOC21H3 Vertebrate Histology: Cells and Tissues
(BGYC22H3) Vertebrate Histology: Organs
BIOC31H3 Molecular Aspects of Plant Development
BIOD37H3 Biology of Plant Stress

Fourth Year
0.5 Credit in Advanced Molecular Techniques
BIOD21H3 Advanced Molecular Biology Laboratory

0.5 credit of D-level Research-oriented "Cell & Molecular" Course Work
Choose from:
BIOD17H3 Seminars in Cellular Microbiology
BIOD19H3 Epigenetics in Health and Disease
BIOD22H3 Molecular Biology of the Stress Response
BIOD23H3 Special Topics in Cell Biology
BIOD25H3 Genomics
BIOD26H3 Fungal Biology and Pathogenesis
BIOD27H3 Molecular Endocrinology
BIOD95H3 Supervised Study in Biology
BIOD98Y3 Directed Research in Biology
Note: Any of these courses not used to satisfy this requirement may be used to fulfill the '0.5 Credit of Cognate Biology Courses'.

SPECIALIST (CO-OPERATIVE) PROGRAM IN CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (SCIENCE)

Supervisor: J. Nash Email: cell-and-molecular-biology@utsc.utoronto.ca
Co-op Contact: askcoop@utsc.utoronto.ca

The Cell and Molecular Biology program strives to help students construct a broad foundation of knowledge across the major disciplines of biology in the first two years of study, and combine this knowledge with an increasingly analytical and reflective approach to learning. Upon this base students deepen their knowledge of biological processes that occur at the cellular and molecular level through course work of their third and fourth years. This is a laboratory-rich program that integrates an understanding of chemical and physical processes with our complex biological systems. Because of broad training in biology and rigorous cross training in cognate disciplines graduates are well positioned to apply to professional and graduate schools or work in a broad range of government regulatory agencies, clinical or research-focused industries and other careers that require the union of strong analytical and technical skills. The co-op option of the Cell and Molecular Biology program complements and punctuates academic course work with full-time work terms in research laboratories, government, health care, or in public or private industry. These placements help students define and refine their career and/or professional school goals. For information on admissions, fees, work terms and standing in the Program, please see the Co-operative Programs section of this Calendar.

Program Admission
Prospective Applicants: For direct admission from secondary school or for students who wish to transfer to U of T Scarborough from another U of T faculty or from another post-secondary institution, see the Co-operative Programs section in this Calendar.
Current U of T Scarborough students: Application procedures can be found at the Registrar's Office website: www.utsc.utoronto.ca/registrar. The minimum qualifications for entry are 5.0 credits including BIOA01H3, BIOA02H3, CHMA10H3, CHMA11H3, [(MATA20H3) & (MATA21H3)] or [MATA30H3 & [MATA35H3 or MATA36H3]], [PHYA10H3 or PHYA11H3], plus a cumulative GPA of at least 2.75.

Program Requirements
This program consists of 14.0 required credits plus two work-terms. In selecting options and electives, students should refer to the University of Toronto guidelines for program breadth and depth (see Degree Requirements).

A. Course Requirements
First Year
1.0 Credit of Introductory Biology Courses
BIOA01H3 Life on Earth: Unifying Principles
BIOA02H3 Life on Earth: Form, Function and Interactions

1.0 Credit of Introductory Chemistry Courses
CHMA10H3 Introductory Chemistry I: Structure and Bonding
CHMA11H3 Introductory Chemistry I: Reactions and Mechanisms

1.0 Credit in Mathematics
Choose from:
MATA30H3 & MATA35H3 Calculus I for Biological and Physical Sciences & Calculus II for Biological Sciences
MATA30H3 & MATA36H3 Calculus I for Biological and Physical Sciences & Calculus II for Physical Sciences

1.0 Credit in Physics
Choose 0.5 credit from:
PHYA10H3 Introduction to Physics IA
PHYA11H3 Introduction to Physics IB

Choose 0.5 credit from:
PHYA21H3 Introduction to Physics IIA
PHYA22H3 Introduction to Physics IIB

0.5 Credit in Statistics
Choose from:
STAB22H3 Statistics I (this course could also be taken in second year)
PSYB07H3 Data Analysis in Psychology (this course could also be taken in second year)

Second Year
3.0 Credits of Biology Core Courses
BIOB10H3 Cell Biology
BIOB11H3 Molecular Aspects of Cellular and Genetic Processes
(BIOB30H3) Mammalian Physiology I or BIOB34H3 Animal Physiology
BIOB31H3 Plant Physiology
BIOB50H3 Ecology
BIOB51H3 Evolutionary Biology

0.5 Credit of Biology Core Labs
BIOB12H3 Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory

1.0 Credit of Organic Chemistry Courses
CHMB41H3 Organic Chemistry I
CHMB42H3 Organic Chemistry II
Computer Science might be taken in this year and will enhance Co-op placement options.

Third Year
3.0 Credits of Biology C-level Courses
BIOC12H3 Biochemistry I: Proteins and Enzymes
BIOC13H3 Biochemistry II: Bioenergetics and Metabolism
BIOC15H3 Genetics
BIOC17H3 Microbiology: The Bacterial Cell
BIOC23H3 Practical Approaches to Biochemistry
BIOC39H3 Immunology (can be completed in third or fourth year) 

0.5 Credit in Computer Science
Choose from:
CSCA08H3 Introduction to Computer Programming
CSCA20H3 Computer Science for the Sciences
PSCB57H3 Introduction to Scientific Computing

Third/Fourth Year
0.5 Credit of Cognate Biology Courses
Choose from:
BIOC10H3 Cell Biology: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting
BIOC14H3 Genes, Environment and Behaviour
BIOC19H3 Animal Developmental Biology
BIOC21H3 Vertebrate Histology: Cells and Tissues
(BGYC22H3) Vertebrate Histology: Organs
BIOC31H3 Molecular Aspects of Plant Development
BIOD37H3 Biology of Plant Stress

Fourth Year
0.5 Credit in Advanced Molecular Techniques
BIOD21H3 Advanced Molecular Biology Laboratory

0.5 Credit of D-level Research-Oriented "Cell & Molecular" Course Work
Choose from:
BIOD17H3 Seminars in Cellular Microbiology
BIOD19H3 Epigenetics in Health and Disease
BIOD22H3 Molecular Biology of the Stress Response
BIOD23H3 Special Topics in Cell Biology
BIOD25H3 Genomics
BIOD26H3 Fungal Biology and Pathogenesis
BIOD27H3 Molecular Endocrinology
BIOD95H3 Supervised Study in Biology
BIOD98Y3 Directed Research in Biology
Note: Any of these courses not used to satisfy this requirement can be used to fulfill the '0.5 Credit of Cognate Biology Courses.'

B. Work Term Requirements
The program requires eight four-month terms of study and two four-month work terms. Practical work experience in the fields of cell biology, genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology are alternated with study terms to enhance academic studies and develop professional and personal skills. Students must submit both an oral and written report on each work term for evaluation, and will also complete a standardized form assessing the quality of their co-op work term. Students are expected to do at least one of their work placements in the fall or winter term.

To be eligible for their first work term, students must be in good standing in the program and have completed at least 10.0 credits, including BIOA01H3, BIOA02H3, CHMA10H3, CHMA11H3, [(MATA20H3) & (MATA21H3)] or [MATA30H3 & [MATA35H3 or MATA36H3]], [PHYA10H3 or PHYA11H3], BIOB10H3, BIOB11H3, BIOB12H3, CHMB41H3, CHMB42H3. Students must also successfully complete Arts & Science Co-op Work Term Preparation Activities, which include multiple networking sessions, speaker panels and industry tours along with seminars covering resumes, cover letters, job interviews and work term expectations, prior to their first work term.

To be eligible for their second work term placement, students must have completed at least 12.5 credits which must include [BIOC12H3 & BIOC15H3] or [BIOC13H3 & BIOC17H3] and have received a satisfactory evaluation for their performance and for their reports on their first work term. Completion of Statistics and Computer Science course work, before the second placement, is highly recommended.

SPECIALIST PROGRAM IN HUMAN BIOLOGY (SCIENCE)

Supervisor: A. Ashok Email: human-biology@utsc.utoronto.ca
The Human Biology specialist program provides a solid foundation of introductory science courses and core biology courses while emphasizing, in the upper years, issues related to human health, the nature of humans and their culture as well as the interaction of the human species with the environment. The first year of the program emphasizes introductory courses in biology, chemistry, calculus, physics and psychology. The second year of the program emphasizes core courses in cell biology, molecular biology, physiology, ecology, evolution and anatomy that provide the basis for continued specialization in the third and fourth years. The upper years of the program emphasize specialized courses in anatomy, histology, anthropology, biochemistry, endocrinology, immunology, microbiology, physiology, psychology, pathology and pathobiology. This program is suited for those students who wish to go onto health-related fields such as medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, physiotherapy and health policy/management or graduate studies in these, and other, areas such as physiology, medicine and endocrinology.

Program Requirements
This Program consists of 15.5 credits.  In selecting options and electives, students should refer to the University of Toronto guidelines for program breadth and depth (see Degree Requirements).

Required Courses and Suggested Course Sequence
First Year
1.0 Credit of Introductory Biology Courses
BIOA01H3 Life on Earth:  Unifying Principles
BIOA02H3 Life on Earth:  Form, Function and Interactions

1.0 Credit of Introductory Chemistry Courses
CHMA10H3 Introductory Chemistry I: Structure and Bonding
CHMA11H3 Introductory Chemistry II: Reactions and Mechanisms

1.0 Credit of Mathematics
MATA30H3 & MATA35H3 Calculus I for Biological and Physical Sciences & Calculus II for Biological Sciences

1.0 Credit of Introductory Physics Courses
PHYA11H3 Introduction to Physics IB
PHYA22H3 Introduction to Physics IIB

1.0 Credit of Introductory Psychology Courses
PSYA01H3 Introductory Psychology: Part I
PSYA02H3 Introductory Psychology: Part II

Second Year
3.0 Credits of Biology Core Courses
BIOB10H3 Cell Biology
BIOB11H3 Molecular Aspects of Cellular and Genetic Processes
(BIOB30H3) Mammalian Physiology I or BIOB34H3 Animal Physiology
BIOB31H3 Plant Physiology
BIOB50H3 Ecology
BIOB51H3 Evolutionary Biology

1.0 Credit of Biology Core Labs
BIOB32H3 Animal Physiology Laboratory
BIOB33H3 Human Development and Anatomy Laboratory

1.0 Credit of Organic Chemistry Courses
CHMB41H3 Organic Chemistry I
CHMB42H3 Organic Chemistry II

Third/Fourth Years
2.0 Credits of C-level Biology Core Courses
BIOC15H3 Genetics
BIOC17H3 Microbiology: The Bacterial Cell 
BIOC32H3 Human Physiology I
BIOC39H3 Immunology

1.5 Credits of Additional C-level Biology Courses
Choose From:
BIOC10H3 Cell Biology: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting
BIOC12H3 Biochemistry I: Proteins and Enzymes
BIOC13H3 Biochemistry II: Bioenergetics and Metabolism
BIOC14H3 Genes, Environment and Behaviour
BIOC16H3 Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics 
BIOC19H3 Animal Developmental Biology
BIOC21H3 Vertebrate Histology: Cells and Tissues 
[BIOC33H3 Human Physiology II: Lecture and Laboratory or BIOC34H3 Human Physiology II: Lecture]
BIOC58H3 Biological Consequences of Global Change
BIOC65H3 Environmental Toxicology

1.0 Credit of D-level Biology Courses
Choose From:
BIOD17H3 Seminars in Cellular Microbiology
BIOD19H3 Epigenetics in Health and Disease
BIOD26H3 Fungal Biology and Pathogenesis
BIOD27H3 Molecular Endocrinology
BIOD29H3 Pathobiology of Human Disease
BIOD33H3 Comparative Animal Physiology
BIOD43H3 Animal Movement and Exercise
BIOD65H3 Pathologies of the Nervous System

0.5 Credit in Statistics
Choose From:
STAB22H3 Statistics I
PSYB07H3 Data Analysis in Psychology

0.5 Credit in Psychology or Health Studies
Choose From any B-, C- or D-level Psychology course, or from the Health Studies courses listed below:
HLTB15H3  Introduction to Health Research Methodology
HLTB16H3  Introduction to Public Health
HLTB17H3  Conceptual Models of Health
HLTB20H3  Contemporary Human Evolution and Variation
HLTB21H3  Infectious Diseases
HLTB22H3  Biological Determinants of Health
HLTB40H3  Health Policy and Health Systems

SPECIALIST PROGRAM IN INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY (SCIENCE)

Supervisor: I. Stehlik  Email: integrative-biology@utsc.utoronto.ca
In today's rapidly changing world, the development of solutions to combat some of the most pressing global challenges such as climate change, emerging diseases, hunger and species extinction, requires an integrative approach in which expertise is drawn from disparate biological and other disciplines. The specialist program in Integrative Biology provides the student with a solid knowledge base in key core and foundational areas of biology while also providing a breadth of knowledge to support more specialized studies and focused training in a range of disciplines (for examples, see below under "Routes to Specialization"). Students who complete this program will be well positioned for a career in many aspects of the biological sciences or to undertake further studies at the professional or graduate level.

Program Requirements
This program consists of 14.5 required credits including at least 4.0 credits at the C- or D-level of which at least 1.0 must be at the D-level.  In selecting options and electives students should refer to the University of Toronto guidelines for program breadth and depth (see Degree Requirements).  It is advised that, including electives, students should plan to take 5 credits in each year of their four year degree.

A. Required Courses
First Year
1.0 Credit of Introductory Biology Courses
BIOA01H3 Life on Earth: Unifying Principles
BIOA02H3 Life on Earth: Form, Function and Interactions

1.0 Credit in Chemistry
CHMA10H3 Introductory Chemistry I: Structure and Bonding
CHMA11H3 Introductory Chemistry II: Reactions and Mechanisms

1.0 Credit in Mathematics
MATA30H3 & MATA35H3 Calculus I for Biological and Physical Sciences & Calculus II for Biological Sciences
 
0.5 Credit in Physics
Choose from:
PHYA10H3 Introduction to Physics IA
PHYA11H3 Introduction to Physics IB

0.5 Credit in Computer Science
Choose from:
CSCA08H3 Introduction to Computer Programming
CSCA20H3 Computer Science for the Sciences
PSCB57H3 Introduction to Scientific Computing (this course could also be taken in second year)

Second Year
3.0 Credits of Biology Core Courses
BIOB10H3 Cell Biology
BIOB11H3 Molecular Aspects of Cellular and Genetic Processes
[(BIOB30H3) Mammalian Physiology I or BIOB34H3 Animal Physiology]
BIOB31H3 Plant Physiology
BIOB50H3 Ecology
BIOB51H3 Evolutionary Biology

0.5 Credit of Biology Core Labs
Choose from:
BIOB12H3 Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory
BIOB32H3 Animal Physiology Laboratory
BIOB33H3 Human Development and Anatomy Laboratory
BIOB52H3 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory

0.5 Credit in Statistics
Choose from:
STAB22H3 Statistics I
PSYB07H3 Data Analysis in Psychology

Third Year
1.5 Credits of Biology Foundation Courses
BIOC15H3 Genetics
BIOC17H3 Microbiology: The Bacterial Cell
BIOC54H3 Animal Behaviour

Third/Fourth Year
0.5 Credit of Advanced Courses in Physiology, Biochemistry and Neurobiology
Choose from:
BIOC12H3 Biochemistry I: Proteins and Enzymes
BIOC13H3 Biochemistry II: Bioenergetics and Metabolism
BIOC23H3 Practical Approaches to Biochemistry
BIOC32H3 Human Physiology I
BIOC33H3 Human Physiology II: Lecture and Laboratory
BIOC34H3 Human Physiology II: Lecture
BIOC39H3 Immunology
BIOC65H3 Environmental Toxicology
ANTC67H3 Foundations in Epidemiology
NROC34H3 Neuroethology
NROC61H3 Learning and Motivation
NROC64H3 Sensory and Motor Systems
PSYC31H3 Clinical Neuropsychology
BIOD27H3 Molecular Endocrinology
BIOD29H3 Pathobiology of Human Disease
BIOD43H3 Animal Movement and Exercise
BIOD65H3 Pathologies of the Nervous System
NROD67H3 Psychobiology of Aging

0.5 Credit of Advanced Courses in Ecology and Conservation
Choose from:
BIOC50H3 Macroevolution
BIOC51H3 Tropical Biodiversity Field Course
BIOC52H3 Ecology Field Course
BIOC58H3 Biological Consequences of Global Change
BIOC59H3 Advanced Population Ecology
BIOC61H3 Community Ecology and Environmental Biology
BIOC62H3 Role of Zoos in Conservation
BIOC63H3 Conservation Biology
BIOC67H3 Inter-University Biology Field Course
EESC04H3 Biodiversity and Biogeography
BIOD52H3 Special Topics in Biodiversity and Systematics
BIOD60H3 Spatial Ecology
BIOD62H3 Species and Speciation
BIOD66H3 Causes and Consequences of Diversity

0.5 Credit of Advanced Courses in Genes and Development
Choose from:
BIOC10H3 Cell Biology: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting
BIOC14H3 Genes, Environment and Behaviour
BIOC16H3 Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics
BIOC19H3 Animal Developmental Biology
BIOC31H3 Plant Development
BIOD19H3 Epigenetics in Health and Disease
BIOD21H3 Advanced Molecular Biology Laboratory
BIOD22H3 Molecular Biology of the Stress Response
BIOD23H3 Special Topics in Cell Biology
BIOD25H3 Genomics

0.5 Credit of Advanced Courses in Organismal Biology
Choose from:
BIOC21H3 Vertebrate Histology: Cells and Tissues
(BGYC22H3) Vertebrate Histology: Organs
ANTD22H3 Theory and Methodology of Primatology
ANTC68H3 Deconstructing Epidemics
EESC30H3 Microbial Biogeochemistry
BIOC37H3 Plants: Life on the Edge
BIOC38H3 Plants and Society
BIOD17H3 Seminars in Cellular Microbiology
BIOD26H3 Fungal Biology and Pathogenesis
BIOD33H3 Comparative Animal Physiology
BIOD37H3 Biology of Plant Stress
BIOD45H3 Animal Communication
BIOD48H3 Ornithology and Herpetology
BIOD53H3 Special Topics in Behavioural Ecology

3.0 Credits of Additional C- or D-Level Biology Courses
Choose from:
Any BIO (or formerly BGY) C- or D-level courses offered by the department.
Note: this includes the Biology Team Research, Supervised Studies and Directed Research courses (BIOC99H3, BIOD95H3, BIOD98Y3 and BIOD99Y3).
Note: NROC34H3 (Neuroethology), EESC04H3 (Biodiversity and Biogeography) and EESC30H3 (Microbial Biogeochemistry) may also be used toward fulfilling this requirement, if not already used toward fulfilling one of the other requirements above.

B. Routes to Specialization (optional)
A key advantage of the specialist program in Integrative Biology is the ability for students to readily specialize in areas of particular interest. Please note that students are not required to follow any of these suggested routes. They are provided for guidance only.

• For students with a particular interest in "The Impact of Environment and Climate Change on the Biology of Ecosystems", you should consider including some or all of the following courses in your program: BIOB52H3 (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Lab), BIOC52H3 (Ecology Field Course), BIOC58H3 (Biological Consequences of Global Change), BIOC59H3 (Advanced Population Ecology), BIOC61H3 (Community Ecology and Environmental Biology) and BIOC67H3 (Inter-University Biology Field Course).

• For students with a particular interest in "The Conservation and Biodiversity of Organisms", you should consider including some or all of the following courses in your program: BIOC51H3 (Tropical Biodiversity Field Course), BIOC62H3 (Role of Zoos in Conservation), BIOC63H3 (Conservation Biology), BIOD48H3 (Ornithology and Herpetology),  BIOD52H3 (Special Topics in Biodiversity and Systematics), BIOD60H3 (Spatial Ecology) & BIOD66H3 (Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity).

• For students with a particular interest in "Animal Physiology", you should consider including some or all of the following courses in your program: BIOB32H3 (Animal Physiology Laboratory), BIOC32H3 (Human Physiology I), BIOC33H3 or BIOC34H3 (Human Physiology II), BIOD29H3 (Pathobiology of Human Disease), BIOD33H3 (Comparative Animal Physiology), & BIOD43H3 (Animal Movement and Exercise).

• For students with a particular interest in "Ecophysiology", you should consider including some or all of the following courses in your program: BIOC65H3 (Environmental Toxicology), EESC30H3 (Microbial Biogeochemistry), BIOD33H3 (Comparative Animal Physiology) & BIOD37H3 (Biology of Plant Stress).

• For students with a particular interest in "Infection and Disease" or "clinically-oriented topics", you should consider including some or all of the following courses in your program: ANTC67H3 (Foundations in Epidemiology) or ANTC68H3 (Deconstructing Epidemics), BIOB33H3 (Human Development and Anatomy), BIOC21H3 (Vertebrate Histology: Cells and Tissues),  BIOC33H3 or BIOC34H3 (Human Physiology II), BIOC39H3 (Immunology), BIOD17H3 (Seminars in Cellular Microbiology), BIOD25H3 (Genomics), BIOD26H3 (Fungal Biology and Pathogenesis), BIOD29H3 (Pathobiology of Human Disease) & BIOD65H3 (Pathologies of the Nervous System).

• For students with a particular interest in "Plant and Microbial Biology", you should consider including some or all of the following courses in your program: BIOC31H3 (Molecular Aspects of Plant Development), EESC30H3 (Microbial Biogeochemistry), BIOD17H3 (Seminars in Cellular Microbiology) and BIOD37H3 (Biology of Plant Stress).

• For students with a particular interest in "Behavioural Biology" you should consider including some or all of the following courses in your program: NROC34H3 (Neuroethology), BIOD45H3 (Animal Communication), BIOD53H3 (Special Topics in Behavioural Ecology) & NROC61H3 (Learning and Motivation).

• For students with a particular interest in "Behavioural Genetics", you should consider including some or all of the following courses in your program: BIOC16H3 (Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics), NROC34H3 (Neuroethology), BIOD21H3 (Advanced Molecuar Biology Laboratory), BIOD22H3 (Molecular Biology of the Stress Response), BIOD23H3 (Special Topics in Cell Biology), BIOD25H3 (Genomics), BIOD45H3 (Animal Communication), and BIOD53H3 (Special Topics in Behavioural Ecology).

• For students with a particular interest in "The Evolution of Development" (a.k.a. "evo/devo"), you should consider including some or all of the following courses in your program: BIOC12H3 (Biochemistry I: Proteins and Enzymes), BIOC13H3 (Biochemistry II: Bioenergetics and Metabolism), BIOC16H3 (Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics), BIOC19H3 (Animal Developmental Biology), BIOC23H3 (Practical Approaches to Biochemistry), BIOC31H3 (Molecular Aspects of Plant Development), BIOC33H3 (Human Physiology II: Lecture and Laboratory) or BIOC34H3 (Human Physiology II: Lecture), BIOD21H3 (Advanced Molecular Biology Laboratory), BIOD22H3 (Molecular Biology of the Stress Response), BIOD23H3 (Special Topics in Cell Biology), & BIOD25H3 (Genomics).

C. Complementary Elective Courses (optional)
When selecting electives, students may wish to consider the following courses that may be complementary to their program. However, keep in mind that minimum breadth requirements must be met to complete a degree.
ANTC11H3 Culture, Science and Biotechnology: Redefining the "Natural" Order of Things
ANTC17H3 Human Origins: New Discoveries
ANTC23H3 Primate Sexuality
ANTC41H3 Environmental Stress, Culture and Human Adaptability
ANTC47H3 Human and Primate Comparative Osteology
ANTC48H3 Advanced Topics in Human Osteology
ANTC61H3 Medical Anthropology: Illness and Healing in Cultural Perspective
ANTC62H3 Medical Anthropology: Biological and Demographic Perspectives
ANTD16H3 Biomedical Anthropology
ANTD17H3 Medical Osteology, Public Health Perspectives on Human Skeletal Health
ANTD25H3 Medical Primatology: Public Health Perspectives on Zoonotic Diseases
CHMC47H3 Bio-Organic Chemistry
EESB16H3 Feeding Humans - The Cost to the Planet
HISC03H3 History of Animals and People
(HLTC03H3) Politics of Canadian Health Studies
IEEC03H3 History of Animals and People
(IEEC04H3) Defining the Human II
NROC61H3 Learning and Motivation
NROC63H3 Neuroscience Laboratory
NROC64H3 Sensory and Motor Systems
NROC69H3 Synaptic Organization and Physiology of the Brain
NROD63H3 Advanced Neuroscience Laboratory
PHLB09H3 Biomedical Ethics
POLC53H3 Canadian Environmental Politics
PSYC62H3 Drugs and the Brain
(PSYD26H3) Genes, Brain and the Development of Mind
(STAC52H3) Experimental Design

SPECIALIST(JOINT) PROGRAM IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY (SCIENCE)

See the Applied Microbiology section of this Calendar for program requirements.

SPECIALIST(JOINT) PROGRAM IN PARAMEDICINE (SCIENCE)

See the Paramedicine section of this Calendar for program requirements.

MAJOR PROGRAM IN BIODIVERSITY, ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION (SCIENCE)

Supervisor: I. Stehlik E-mail: biodiversity@utsc.utoronto.ca

This program provides background and training in modern biological approaches to the study of biodiversity, ecology, and evolution. The links between these fields are emphasized, and topics covered range from the structure and function of ecosystems to the evolution of behaviour, morphology, and physiology.

Program Requirements
This program consists of 8.5 required credits. To complete their degree, students should combine this major program with another major program, or two minor programs, from disciplines outside of biology. Note however that this program cannot be combined with the major program in Human Biology, the major program in Biology or the minor program in Biology. When selecting their course of studies, students should refer to the University of Toronto guidelines for program breadth and depth (see Degree Requirements).

First Year
1.0 Credit of Introductory Biology Courses
BIOA01H3 Life on Earth: Unifying Principles
BIOA02H3 Life on Earth: Form, Function and Interactions

1.0 Credit in Chemistry
CHMA10H3 Introductory Chemistry I: Structure and Bonding
CHMA11H3 Introductory Chemistry II: Reactions and Mechanisms

0.5 Credit in Mathematics or Statistics
Choose from:
MATA30H3 Calculus I for Biological and Physical Sciences
STAB22H3 Statistics I
PSYB07H3 Data Analysis in Psychology

Second Year
3.0 Credits of Biology Core Courses
BIOB10H3 Cell Biology
BIOB11H3 Molecular Aspects of Cellular and Genetic Processes
[(BIOB30H3) Mammalian Physiology I or BIOB34H3 Animal Physiology]
BIOB31H3 Plant Physiology
BIOB50H3 Ecology
BIOB51H3 Evolutionary Biology

0.5 Credit of the Ecology & Evolution Core Lab
BIOB52H3 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory

Third Year
1.0 Credit of Ecology & Evolution Foundation Courses
Choose from:
BIOC16H3 Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics
BIOC50H3 Macroevolution
BIOC59H3 Advanced Population Ecology
BIOC61H3 Community Ecology and Environmental Biology

1.0 Credit of Other C-level Courses
Choose from:
BIOC37H3 Plants: Life on the Edge
BIOC38H3 Plants and Society
BIOC51H3 Tropical Biodiversity Field Course
BIOC52H3 Ecology Field Course
BIOC54H3 Animal Behaviour
BIOC58H3 Biological Consequences of Global Change
BIOC62H3 Role of Zoos in Conservation
BIOC63H3 Conservation Biology
BIOC65H3 Environmental Toxicology
BIOC67H3 Inter-University Biology Field Course
EESC30H3 Microbial Biogeochemistry

Fourth Year
0.5 Credit of D-level Courses
Choose from:
BIOD25H3 Genomics
BIOD26H3 Fungal Biology & Pathogenesis
BIOD33H3 Comparative Animal Physiology
BIOD43H3 Animal Movement and Exercise
BIOD45H3 Animal Communication
BIOD48H3 Ornithology and Herpetology
BIOD52H3 Special Topics in Biodiversity and Systematics
BIOD53H3 Special Topics in Behavioural Ecology
BIOD60H3 Spatial Ecology
BIOD62H3 Species and Speciation
BIOD66H3 Causes & Consequences of Biodiversity
EESD15H3 Cleaning Up Our Mess: Remediation of Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments

MAJOR PROGRAM IN BIOLOGY (SCIENCE)

Supervisor: I. Stehlik   Email: biology-major@utsc.utoronto.ca
Biology is the study of life and this major program in Biology is meant to provide students with a solid basic knowledge of this vast discipline, while also allowing the student to tailor their program in the upper years toward one or more of biology's many sub-disciplines. Many of the world's most important and timely issues (medical science and disease, conservation and biodiversity, food and energy supplies) are issues that require citizens to have a firm understanding of biological principles and practices.

Program Requirements
This program consists of 8.0 required credits.  To complete their degree, students should combine this major program with another major program, or two minor programs, from disciplines outside of biology.  When selecting their course of studies, students should refer to the University of Toronto guidelines for program breadth and depth (see Degree Requirements).

First Year
1.0 Credit of Introductory Biology Courses
BIOA01H3 Life on Earth: Unifying Principles
BIOA02H3 Life on Earth: Form, Function and Interactions

1.0 Credit in Chemistry
CHMA10H3 Introductory Chemistry I: Structure and Bonding
CHMA11H3 Introductory Chemistry II: Reactions and Mechanisms

0.5 Credit in Mathematics or Statistics
Choose from:
MATA30H3 Calculus I for Biological and Physical Sciences
STAB22H3 Statistics I (this course could also be taken in second year)
PSYB07H3 Data Analysis in Psychology (this course could also be taken in second year)

Second Year
3.0 Credits of Biology Core Courses
BIOB10H3 Cell Biology
BIOB11H3 Molecular Aspects of Cellular and Genetic Processes
[(BIOB30H3) Mammalian Physiology I or BIOB34H3 Animal Physiology]
BIOB31H3 Plant Physiology
BIOB50H3 Ecology
BIOB51H3 Evolutionary Biology

0.5 Credit of Biology Core Labs
Choose from:
BIOB12H3 Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory
BIOB32H3 Animal Physiology Laboratory
BIOB33H3 Human Development and Anatomy Laboratory
BIOB52H3 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory

Third Year
1.5 Credits of Additional C-level Biology Courses
Choose from: Any BIO C-level courses offered by the department.
Note: that NROC34H3 (Neuroethology), EESC04H3 (Biodiversity and Biogeography) and EESC30H3 (Microbial Biogeochemistry) may also be used toward fulfilling this requirement.

Fourth Year
0.5 Credit of Additional D-Level Biology Courses
Choose from: Any BIO D-level courses offered by the department. Note: that this includes the Biology Supervised Studies and Directed Research courses (BIOD95H3, BIOD98Y3 & BIOD99Y3).

MAJOR PROGRAM IN HUMAN BIOLOGY (SCIENCE)

Supervisor: A. Ashok Email: human-biology@utsc.utoronto.ca
The Human Biology major program provides training and background in general biology with the opportunity to concentrate on courses in upper years that are related to human health. Upper year courses are available in physiology, cell and molecular biology, anatomy, microbiology, pathology, endocrinology, anthropology, psychology and biochemistry. This program is suitable for students with an interest in applied biology in health sciences or in social sciences related to human health.

Program Requirements:
This program consists of 8.5 credits. To complete their degree, students should combine this major program with another major program, or two minor programs, from disciplines outside of biology. When selecting their course of studies, students should refer to the University of Toronto guidelines for program breadth and depth (see Degree Requirements).

Required Courses and Suggested Course Sequence

First Year
1.0 Credit of Introductory Biology Courses
BIOA01H3 Life on Earth: Unifying Principles
BIOA02H3 Life on Earth: Form, Function and Interactions

1.0 Credit in Introductory Chemistry Courses
CHMA10H3 Introductory Chemistry I: Structure and Bonding
CHMA11H3 Introductory Chemistry II: Reactions and Mechanisms

1.0 Credit in Introductory Psychology Courses
PSYA01H3 Introductory Psychology: Part I
PSYA02H3 Introductory Psychology: Part II

0.5 Credit in Calculus or Statistics
Choose From:
MATA30H3 Calculus I for Biological and Physical Sciences
STAB22H3 Statistics I
PSYB07H3 Data Analysis in Psychology

Second Year
2.5 Credits of Biology Core Courses
BIOB10H3 Cell Biology
BIOB11H3 Molecular Aspects of Cellular and Genetic Processes
[(BIOB30H3) Mammalian Physiology I or BIOB34H3 Animal Physiology]
BIOB50H3 Ecology
BIOB51H3 Evolutionary Biology

0.5 Credit in a Biology Core Lab
Choose From:
BIOB32H3 Animal Physiology Laboratory
BIOB33H3 Human Development and Anatomy

Third/Fourth Years
1.5 Credits of Additional C-Level Courses
Choose From:
BIOC10H3 Cell Biology: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting
BIOC14H3 Genes, Environment and Behaviour
BIOC15H3 Genetics
BIOC16H3 Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics
BIOC17H3 Microbiology: The Bacterial Cell
BIOC19H3 Animal Developmental Biology
BIOC21H3 Vertebrate Histology: Cells and Tissues
BIOC32H3 Human Physiology I
[BIOC33H3 Human Physiology II: Lecture and Laboratory or BIOC34H3 Human Physiology II: Lecture]
BIOC39H3 Immunology
BIOC58H3 Biological Consequences of Global Change
BIOC65H3 Environmental Toxicology
NROC61H3 Learning and Motivation
NROC64H3 Sensory and Motor Systems
NROC69H3 Synaptic Organisation and Physiology of the Brain

0.5 Credit of Additional D-Level Biology Courses
Choose From:
BIOD17H3 Seminars in Cellular Microbiology
BIOD19H3 Epigenetics in Health and Disease
BIOD26H3 Fungal Biology and Pathogenesis
BIOD29H3 Pathobiology of Human Disease
BIOD33H3 Comparative Animal Physiology
BIOD43H3 Animal Movement and Exercise
BIOD65H3 Pathologies of the Nervous System
BIOD95H3 Supervised Study in Biology (topic must be human-related and approved by the program supervisor)
NROD66H3 Drug Addiction
NROD67H3 Psychobiology of Aging

MINOR PROGRAM IN BIOLOGY (SCIENCE)

Supervisor: I. Stehlik   Email: biology-minor@utsc.utoronto.ca

Program Requirements
This program must include one credit of the introductory biology courses (BIOA01H3 & BIOA02H3) plus 3.0 other credits in Biology, of which at least one credit must be at the C- or D-level.
Note: that NROC34H3 (Neuroethology), EESC04H3 (Biodiversity and Biogeography) and EESC30H3 (Microbial Biogeochemistry) may also be used toward fulfilling this requirement.

Biological Sciences Courses

BIOA01H3    Life on Earth: Unifying Principles

A lecture and laboratory course providing an overview of the origins and cellular basis of life, genetics and molecular biology, evolution and the diversity of microorganisms.  Note: that both BIOA01H3 and BIOA02H3 must be completed prior to taking any other Biology course.
Exclusion: BIO120H, BIO130H, (BIO150Y), (BGYA01H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOA02H3    Life on Earth: Form, Function and Interactions

A lecture and laboratory course providing an overview of the anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, population biology, ecology and biodiversity.  Note: that both BIOA01H3 and BIOA02H3 must be completed prior to taking any other Biology course.
Exclusion: BIO120H, BIO130H, (BIO150Y), (BGYA02H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOB10H3    Cell Biology

This course is designed to introduce theory and modern experimental techniques in cell biology. Emphasis will be on eukaryotic cells. Structure and function of major animal and plant organelles will be covered. Subsequent topics include the role of the cytoskeleton. Plasma membrane and extracellular matrix will also be detailed in the context of cell interactions with the environment.
Prerequisite: BIOA01H3 & BIOA02H3 & CHMA10H3 & CHMA11H3
Exclusion: (BGYB10H3), BIOB10Y3, (BGYB10Y3), BIO241H, (BIO250Y)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOB10Y3    Cell Biology and Molecular Aspects of Genetic Processes

A course designed to introduce theory and modern experimental techniques in cell and molecular genetics. Emphasis will be on eukaryotic cells. First half topics include: Structure and function of major animal and plant organelles, the role of the cytoskeleton, the role of the plasma membrane and extracellular matrix in the context of cellular interactions with the environment. In the second half of the course topics will include structure and function of the nucleus, DNA replication and cell cycle control, transcription and translation, gene regulation, signal transduction and basic aspects of immunology. Please note this course contains the content of both BIOB10H3 and BIOB11H3.
Prerequisite: BIOA01H3 & BIOA02H3 & CHMA10H3 & CHMA11H3
Exclusion: BIOB10H3, BIOB11H3, (BGYB10H3), (BGYB10Y3), (BGYB11H3), BIO240H, BIO241H, (BIO250Y)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOB11H3    Molecular Aspects of Cellular and Genetic Processes

A course focusing on the central dogma of genetics and how molecular techniques are used to investigate cellular processes. Topics include structure and function of the nucleus, DNA replication and cell cycle control, transcription and translation, gene regulation and signal transduction.
Prerequisite: BIOB10H3
Exclusion: BIOB10Y3, (BGYB10Y3), (BGYB11H3), BIO230H, (BIO250Y)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOB12H3    Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory

A practical introduction to experimentation in cell and molecular biology. Six modules will introduce students to concepts and techniques in the general preparation of solutions and buffers, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, microscopy and data manipulation and communication skills. This core laboratory course is the gateway for Cell & Molecular biology specialists to upper level laboratory offerings.
Prerequisite: CHMA10H3 & CHMA11H3
Corequisite: BIOB11H3 or BIOB10Y3
Exclusion: BIO215H, (BGYB12H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences
NOTE: Priority will be given to students enrolled in the specialist programs in Applied Microbiology, Cell and Molecular Biology (Co-op and non-Co-op), Biological Chemistry and the major program in Biochemistry. Additional students will be admitted as space permits.

BIOB31H3    Plant Physiology

An introduction to plant biology. Topics include plant and cell structure, water balance, nutrition, transport processes at the cell and whole plant level, physiological and biochemical aspects of photosynthesis, and growth and development in response to hormonal and environmental cues.
Prerequisite: BIOA01H3 & BIOA02H3
Exclusion: BIO251Y, (BOT251Y), (BGYB31H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOB32H3    Animal Physiology Laboratory

This course examines physiological mechanisms that control and co-ordinate the function of various systems within the body. The laboratory exercises examine properties of digestive enzymes, characteristics of blood, kidney function, metabolic rate and energetics, nerve function and action potentials, synaptic transmission, skeletal muscle function and mechanoreception.
Corequisite: (BIOB30H3) or BIOB34H3
Exclusion: (BGYB32H3), BIO252Y, BIO270H, BIO271H, (ZOO252Y)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOB33H3    Human Development and Anatomy

A lecture and laboratory course which deals with the functional morphology of the human organism. The subject matter extends from early embryo-genesis through puberty to late adult life.
Priority will be given to students in the Human Biology and Paramedicine programs. Additional students will be admitted as space permits.
Prerequisite: BIOA01H3 & BIOA02H3
Exclusion: ANA300Y, ANA301H, (BGYB33H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOB34H3    Animal Physiology

A comparative animal physiology course covering regulatory and control mechanisms such as: homeostasis; metabolism and energetics; excretion and osmoregulation; feeding and digestion; muscles and locomotion; nervous systems.
Prerequisite: BIOA01H3 & BIOA02H3
Exclusion: (BIOB30H3),(BGYB30H3), BIO270H, BIO204H
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOB50H3    Ecology

An introduction to the main principles of ecology, the science of the interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment. The course covers community and population ecology, and provides an emphasis on how ecology relates to other areas of biology, and to contemporary human and environmental issues.
Prerequisite: BIOA01H3 & BIOA02H3
Exclusion: (BGYB50H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOB51H3    Evolutionary Biology

Students learn about development of evolutionary theory, maintenance of genetic variation, mechanisms of evolutionary change, adaptation, and current research topics in evolution.
Prerequisite: BIOA01H3 & BIOA02H3
Exclusion: (BGYB51H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOB52H3    Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory

An introduction to field, lab and computational approaches to ecology and evolution. Laboratories will explore a variety of topics, ranging from population genetics to community ecology and biodiversity. Some lab exercises will involve outdoor field work.

Prerequisite: BIOA01H3 & BIOA02H3
Corequisite: BIOB51H3
Exclusion: (BGYB52H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOB98H3    Supervised Introductory Research in Biology

A course designed to facilitate introduction to, and experience in, ongoing laboratory or field research in biology. Supervision of the work is arranged by mutual agreement between student and instructor.
Students must obtain a permission form from SW420B that is to be completed and signed by the student and supervisor (and which will include an outline of the work to be completed) and then returned to SW420B.
Note: This course DOES NOT satisfy any Biological Sciences program requirements.
Note:This course is a credit/no credit course.
Prerequisite: At least 4.0 credits including BIOA01H3 & BIOA02H3 & enrolment in a Biology program.
Exclusion: BIOB98H3 may not be taken after or concurrently with BIOB99H3, BIOD95H3, BIOD98Y3 or BIOD99Y3.

BIOB99H3    Supervised Introductory Research in Biology

A course designed to facilitate introduction to, and experience in, ongoing laboratory or field research in biology. Supervision of the work is arranged by mutual agreement between student and instructor.
Students must obtain a permission form from SW420B that is to be completed and signed by the student and supervisor (and which will include an outline of the work to be completed) and then returned to SW420B.
Note: BIOB99H3 is identical to BIOB98H3 but is intended as a second research experience. In order to be eligible for BIOB99H3, with the same instructor, the student and the instructor will have to provide a plan of study, the scope of which goes beyond the work of BIOB98H3.
Note:This course DOES NOT satisfy any Biological Sciences program requirements.
Prerequisite: BIOB98H3
Exclusion: BIOB99H3 may not be taken after or concurrently with BIOD95H3, BIOD98Y3 or BIOD99Y3.

BIOC10H3    Cell Biology: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting

This course builds on fundamental cell biological concepts using primary literature. This course will examine specific organelles and their functions in protein biogenesis, modification, trafficking, and quality control within eukaryotic cells. The experimental basis of knowledge will be emphasized and students will be introduced to hypothesis-driven  research in cell biology.
Prerequisite: [BIOB10H3 & BIOB11H3] or BIOB10Y3
Exclusion: CSB331H, CSB428H, BIO315H
Recommended Preparation: BIOC12H3
Enrolment Limits: 50
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC12H3    Biochemistry I: Proteins & Enzymes

A lecture course describing factors involved in determining protein structure and the relationships between protein structure and function. Topics will include: amino acids; the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins; protein motifs and protein domains; glycoproteins; membrane proteins; classical enzyme kinetics and allosteric enzymes; mechanisms of enzyme action.
Prerequisite: [[BIOB10H3 & BIOB11H3] or BIOB10Y3] & CHMB41H3 & CHMB42H3
Exclusion: CHMB62H3, BCH210H, BCH242Y, BCH310H, (BGYC12H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC13H3    Biochemistry II: Bioenergetics and Metabolism

A lecture course that introduces cellular metabolism, the process by which living organisms extract and utilize energy from their environment. Topics include: bioenergetics; oxidative phosphorylation; aspects of carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism; regulation of metabolism; and, the integration of metabolic pathways.
Prerequisite: [[BIOB10H3 & BIOB11H3] or BIOB10Y3] & CHMB41H3 & CHMB42H3
Exclusion: CHMB62H3, BCH210H, BCH242Y, BCH310H, (BGYC13H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC14H3    Genes, Environment and Behaviour

This class will provide an overview of the role of genes in behaviour, either indirectly as structural elements or as direct participants in behavioural regulation. Topics to be covered are methods to investigate complex behaviours, specific examples of genetic effects on behaviour in animals and humans, and studies of gene-environment interactions.
Prerequisite: BIOB11H3 or BIOB10Y3
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC15H3    Genetics

Topics for this lecture and laboratory (or project) course include: a brief review of DNA structure, transcription, and translation; inheritance and its chromosomal basis; gene interactions; sources and types of mutations and the relationship of mutation to genetic disease and evolution; genetic dissection of biological processes; genetic technologies and genomic approaches.
Prerequisite: [[BIOB10H3 & BIOB11H3] or BIOB10Y3] & [(MATA21H3) or MATA35H3 or MATA36H3 or MATA37H3 or PSYB07H3 or STAB22H3]
Exclusion: (BGYC15H3), BIO260H, HMB265H
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC16H3    Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics

This course will discuss modern genetic and genomic techniques used to understand the maintenance of genetic variation in nature. Topics include DNA sequence evolution, molecular phylogenetics, methods of detecting selection, sequence alignments, and comparative genomics.
Prerequisite: BIOB51H3
Exclusion: (BGYC16H3)
Recommended Preparation: BIOC15H3
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC17H3    Microbiology: The Bacterial Cell

This course presents an overview of the microbial world and introduces the students, in more detail, to the physiological, cellular and molecular aspects of bacteria. The laboratories illustrate principles and provide training in basic microbiological techniques essential to microbiology and to any field where recombinant DNA technology is used.
Prerequisite: [[BIOB10H3 & BIOB11H3] or BIOB10Y3] & [one of BIOB12H3 or BIOB32H3 or BIOB33H3 or BIOB52H3]
Exclusion: (BGYC17H3), MGY377H, (MBY377H)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC19H3    Animal Developmental Biology

Following a discussion of cellular and molecular events in early embryonic life, the development of several model systems will be analyzed such as erythropoiesis, lens development in the eye, spermatogenesis and myogenesis. Particular reference will be given to the concept that regulation of gene expression is fundamental to development.
Prerequisite: [BIOB10H3 & BIOB11H3] or BIOB10Y3
Exclusion: (BGYC19H3), CSB328H
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC21H3    Vertebrate Histology: Cells and Tissues

A study of the structure of cells and the various tissue types which make up the vertebrate body; epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous, blood, and lymphatic. Emphasis is placed on how form is influenced by function of the cells and tissues.
Prerequisite: [BIOB10H3 or BIOB10Y3] & (BIOB30H3) or BIOB34H3
Exclusion: ANA300Y, (BGYC21H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC23H3    Practical Approaches to Biochemistry

A lecture and laboratory course that introduces students to experimental approaches used in biochemical research.
Topics include practical and theoretical aspects of: spectrophotometry; chromatography; electrophoresis; radioisotopes; enzyme assays, protein purification and approaches to identify protein-protein interactions. Students will be expected to solve numerical problems involving these and related procedures.
Prerequisite: BIOB12H3 & BIOC12H3
Corequisite: BIOC13H3
Exclusion: BCH370H, BCH371H, (BGYC23H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC31H3    Molecular Aspects of Plant Development

A lecture course focused on molecular mechanisms of plant development covering a range of subjects including but not limited to: Embryogenesis, seed development and germination. Plant hormones: hormone perception, signal transduction pathways and mutant analysis. Molecular control of vegetative development: meristem identity, function and regulation. Flowering time: the floral model and homeotic mutations.
Prerequisite: [[BIOB10H3 & BIOB11H3] or BIOB10Y3] & BIOB31H3
Exclusion: CSB340H, (BOT340H), (BGYC31H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC32H3    Human Physiology I

An introduction to Human Physiology covering the function of neurons, the brain, hormones and our immune systems in both healthy and diseased states.
Prerequisite: BIOB34H3 or NROB60H3
Exclusion: (BIOB30H3), PSL300H
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC33H3    Human Physiology II: Lecture and Laboratory

This course will cover the physiology of the human respiratory, cardiovascular, renal and digestive systems. Topics include cardiac function, ECG, blood flow/pressure regulation, pulmonary mechanics, gas transfer and transport, the control of breathing, sleep-related breathing disorders, kidney function, ion regulation, water balance, acid-base balance and digestive function/regulation.
Prerequisite: (BIOB30H3) or BIOB34H3 or NROB60H3
Exclusion: BIOC34H3, (BGYC33H3), (BGYC34H3), PSL201Y, PSL301H, PSL302Y
Enrolment Limits: Priority will be given to students enrolled in the Human Biology and Paramedicine programs. Additional students will be admitted only if space permits.
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC34H3    Human Physiology II: Lecture

The lecture component of BIOC34H3 is identical to that described above for BIOC33H3. Students will complete a series of computer-simulated laboratory exercises (on their own time) instead of practical lab sessions.
Prerequisite: (BIOB30H3) or BIOB34H3 or NROB60H3
Exclusion: BIOC33H3, (BGYC33H3), (BGYC34H3), PSL201Y, PSL301H, PSL302Y
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC37H3    Plants: Life on the Edge

Plants have evolved adaptations to maximize growth, survival and reproduction under various environmental conditions. This course will study the great diversity of plant structure and function in relation to ecology, focusing mainly on the anatomy of flowering plants.
Prerequisite: BIOB31H3
Exclusion: EEB340H
Enrolment Limits: 48
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC38H3    Plants and Society

How do plants feed humans? What are agricultural origins and what plant traits changed in domesticated plants?  Human population is at 7 billion, but will climb to 10 billion in 2050. This will tax our planet’s ability to sustain life and environmentally sustainable food production will become more integral.
Prerequisite: BIOB31H3
Exclusion: EEB202H, EESB16H3
Enrolment Limits: 48
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC39H3    Immunology

This course introduces the molecular and cellular basis of the immune system. Topics include self versus non-self recognition, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and the structure and function of antibodies. The importance of the immune system in health and disease will be emphasized and topics include vaccination, autoimmunity, and tumour immunology.
Prerequisite: [[BIOB10H3 & BIOB11H3] or BIOB10Y3]
Exclusion: IMM334Y, IMM335Y
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC50H3    Macroevolution

An overview of recent developments in evolutionary biology that focus on large-scale patterns and processes of evolution. Areas of emphasis may include the evolutionary history of life on earth, phylogenetic reconstruction, patterns of diversification and extinction in the fossil record, the geography of evolution, the evolution of biodiversity, and the process of speciation.
Prerequisite: BIOB50H3 & BIOB51H3
Exclusion: EEB362H
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC51H3    Tropical Biodiversity Field Course

A course with preparatory lectures at UTSC and 1 week at a tropical field station.  Ecological and evolutionary aspects of tropical biodiversity will be explored.  Students must contact the instructor by September to enrol in this course.
Prerequisite: BIOB50H3, BIOB51H3, BIOB52H3 & permission of instructor. Note: Interested students should contact the instructor 4 months before the start of the course, and must be able to place a deposit towards the cost of airfare and accommodation.
Exclusion: (BGYC51H3),(BGYC53H3)
Enrolment Limits: 15
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC52H3    Ecology Field Course

Opportunity to experience hands-on learning through informal natural history walks, group projects, research projects in a small-class setting.  The course covers basic principles and selected techniques of field ecology.  The study of a variety of topics in population and community ecology, plant-animal interactions.  Mandatory:  occasional weekend field trips.
Corequisite: BIOB50H3 & BIOB51H3
Exclusion: EEB305H, (BGYC52H3), (BIO305H)
Enrolment Limits: 15
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC54H3    Animal Behaviour

Survey of the study of animal behaviour, emphasis on understanding behavioural patterns in the context of evolutionary theory. Topics include sexual selection, parental care, social behaviour, conflict and hypothesis testing in behavioural research.
Prerequisite: BIOB50H3 & BIOB51H3
Exclusion: EEB322H, (BGYC54H3), (ZOO322H)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC58H3    Biological Consequences of Global Change

A lecture and tutorial course that addresses the key environmental factor that will dominate the 21st Century and life on the planet: Global Climate Change. The course will examine the factors that influence climate, from the formation of the earth to the present time, how human activities are driving current and future change, and how organisms, populations, and ecosystems are and will respond to this change. Finally, it will cover human responses and policies that can permit an adaptive response to this change.
Prerequisite: BIOB50H3 & BIOB51H3
Exclusion: EEB428H, GGR314H, (BGYC58H3), (BIO428H)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC59H3    Advanced Population Ecology

The study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms on the earth. The topics will include an understanding of organism abundance and the factors that act here: population parameters, demographic techniques, population growth, species interactions (competition, predation, herbivory, disease), and population regulation. It will include an understanding of organism distribution and the factors that act here: dispersal, habitat selection, species interactions, and physical factors.
Prerequisite: BIOB50H3 & BIOB51H3 & BIOB52H3
Exclusion: EEB319H, (BGYC59H3), (BIO319H)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC61H3    Community Ecology and Environmental Biology

An examination of the theory and methodology of community analysis, with an emphasis on the factors regulating the development of ecosystems. The application of ecological theory to environmental problems is emphasized. Topics include: succession, primary productivity, nutrient supply, predation, competition, trophic dynamics, stability and disturbance, and effects of global change.
Prerequisite: BIOB50H3
Exclusion: EEB321H, (BIO321H), (BGYC61H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC62H3    Role of Zoos in Conservation

This lecture and tutorial course explores strategic and operational aspects of zoos in conservation.  Emphasis is on contemporary issues, including balance between animal welfare and species conservation; nutrition, health and behavioural enrichment for captive animals; in situ conservation by zoos; captive breeding and species reintroductions; and public outreach/education.
Prerequisite: BIOB50H3 & BIOB51H3
Exclusion: (BGYC62H3)
Enrolment Limits: 50
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC63H3    Conservation Biology

A lecture and tutorial course offering an introduction to the scientific foundation and practice of conservation biology.  It reviews ecological and genetic concepts constituting the basis for conservation including patterns and causes of global biodiversity, the intrinsic and extrinsic value of biodiversity, the main causes of the worldwide decline of biodiversity and the approaches to save it.
Prerequisite: BIOB50H3 & BIOB51H3
Exclusion: EEB365H, (BGYC63H3), (BIO365H)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC65H3    Environmental Toxicology

An introduction to the scientific study of the effects of toxic chemicals on biological organisms. Standard methods of assessing toxicant effects on individuals, populations, and communities are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the chemistry of major toxicant classes, and on how toxicants are processed by the human body.
Prerequisite: BIOB50H3 & CHMA10H3 & CHMA11H3
Exclusion: (BGYC65H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC67H3    Inter-University Biology Field Course

Field courses offered by the Ontario Universities Program in Field Biology (OUPFB) in a variety of habitats and countries, usually during the summer.  OUPFB modules (courses) are posted online in January, and students must apply by the indicated deadline.  Additional information is provided on the Department of Biological Sciences website  http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~biosci/researchOpp.html
Prerequisite: Varies by module (Permission of course co-ordinator required)
Exclusion: (BGYC67H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOC99H3    Biology Team Research

This course is meant to provide an introduction to academic research. A group of 3-5 students work together to develop a research proposal and/or implement a research project under the general guidance of a faculty researcher. Students meet regularly with a graduate student and attend several skill development sessions. Components of assessment are determined prior to project commencement, but may be based on student contribution over the term and a final written product.
Prerequisite: (1) Enrolment in a UTSC major or specialist Subject POSt offered by Biological Sciences & (2) have completed all second year core program requirements & (3) have at least 10 full credits & (4) a cumulative GPA of at least 3.0 (5) acceptance of the application by a faculty member. The application form may be downloaded from the website, http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~biosci/researchOpp

BIOD17H3    Seminars in Cellular Microbiology

An overview of the most significant advances in cellular microbiology. Relevant scientific literature will be presented and discussed by the students in class and assignments. The curriculum will include cellular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis, invasion and intracellular survival of bacteria, and recognition and elimination of pathogenic bacteria by cells.
Prerequisite: BIOC17H3
Exclusion: (BGYD17H3)
Enrolment Limits: 35
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD19H3    Epigenetics in Health and Disease

A lecture/seminar/discussion class on the emerging field of environmental epigenetics.  Course will cover basic epigenetic mechanisms, methods in epigenetic research, epigenetic control of gene function, and the role of epigenetics in normal development and human disease.
Prerequisite: BIOC14H3
Enrolment Limits: 30
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD21H3    Advanced Molecular Biology Laboratory

Applications of molecular technology continue to revolutionize our understanding of all areas of life sciences from biotechnology to human disease. This intensive laboratory, lecture / tutorial course provides students with essential information and practical experience in recombinant DNA technology, molecular biology and bio-informatics.
Prerequisite: BIOB12H3 & BIOC15H3 & [BIOC17H3 or [IMCB01H3 & IMCB02H3 (for Applied Microbiology students only)]]
Corequisite: BIOC12H3 (Note: Although listed as a corequisite, it is recommended that BIOC12H3 be taken in advance of BIOD21H3.)
Exclusion: (BGYD21H3)
Enrolment Limits: 48 *Priority will be given to students enrolled in the specialist programs in Cell and Molecular Biology (Co-op and non-Co-op). Additional students will be admitted only if space permits.
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD22H3    Molecular Biology of the Stress Response

This course is organized around a central theme, namely the expression of heat shock (stress) genes encoding proteins important in cellular repair/protective mechanisms. Topics include heat shock transcription factors, heat shock proteins as 'protein repair agents' that correct protein misfolding, and diseases triggered by protein misfolding such as neurodegenerative disorders.
Prerequisite: BIOC15H3
Exclusion: (BGYD22H3)
Enrolment Limits: 24
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD23H3    Special Topics in Cell Biology

A lecture/seminar/discussion class on contemporary topics in Cell Biology.  Students will explore the primary literature becoming familiar with experimental design and methodologies used to decipher cell biology phenomena.  Student seminars will follow a series of lectures and journal club discussions.
Prerequisite: BIOC12H3 & BIOC15H3
Exclusion: (BGYD23H3)
Enrolment Limits: 24 *Priority will be given to students enrolled in the specialist programs in Cell and Molecular Biology (Co-op and non-Co-op). Additional students will be admitted as space permits.
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD25H3    Genomics

A course considering the principles of genome organization and the utilization of genomic approaches to studying a wide range of problems in biology. Topics to be presented will include innovations in instrumentation and automation, a survey of genome projects, genomic variation, functional genomics, transcription profiling (microarrays), database mining and extensions to human and animal health and biotechnology.
Prerequisite: BIOC15H3
Corequisite: BIOC13H3 Note: Although listed as a corequisite, it is recommended that BIOC13H3 be taken in advance of BIOD25H3.
Exclusion: (BGYD25H3)
Enrolment Limits: 25
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD26H3    Fungal Biology and Pathogenesis

A lecture and tutorial based course designed to provide an overview of the fungal kingdom and the properties of major fungal pathogens that contribute to disease in animals (including humans) and plants. This course will address the mechanisms and clinical implications of fungal infections and host defence mechanisms. Topics include virulence factors and the treatment and diagnosis of infection.
Prerequisite: BIOC17H3
Enrolment Limits: 50
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD27H3    Molecular Endocrinology

A lecture/seminar/discussion class on contemporary topics in endocrinology. The course provides a basic knowledge of endocrine systems encompassing hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, and physiologic actions. Signal transduction from growth factors and their receptors will be emphasized. Specific topics and advances in hormone and growth factor research will be examined.
Prerequisite: (BIOB30H3) or BIOB34H3 or BIOC32H3 & BIOC12H3
Exclusion: (BGYD27H3)
Recommended Preparation: BIOC33H3 or BIOC34H3
Enrolment Limits: 30
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD29H3    Pathobiology of Human Disease

This lecture/seminar format course will critically examine selected topics in human disease pathogenesis. Infectious and inherited diseases including those caused by human retroviruses, genetic defects and bioterrorism agents will be explored. Discussions of primary literature will encompass pathogen characteristics, genetic mutations, disease progression and therapeutic strategies.
Corequisite: BIOC17H3
Enrolment Limits: 30
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD33H3    Comparative Animal Physiology

This course will focus on the comparative aspects of animal physiology and address how various physiological systems are specialised to meet many of the environmental challenges encountered by terrestrial and aquatic environments. Topics include breathing, cardiovascular physiology, nutrition/feeding, energetics, thermal regulation, hibernation and ionic/osmotic regulation.
Prerequisite: BIOC33H3 or BIOC34H3
Exclusion: (BGYD33H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD37H3    Biology of Plant Stress

This course examines resistance mechanisms (anatomical, cellular, biochemical, molecular) allowing plants to avoid or tolerate diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Topics include: pathogen defence; responses to temperature, light, water and nutrient availability, salinity, and oxygen deficit; stress perception and signal transduction; methods to study stress responses; and strategies to improve stress resistance.
Prerequisite: [[BIOB10H3 & BIOB11H3] or BIOB10Y3] & BIOB31H3
Exclusion: (BGYD37H3)
Enrolment Limits: 35
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD43H3    Animal Movement and Exercise

A lecture and seminar/discussion course covering integrative human and comparative animal exercise physiology. Topics will include muscle physiology, neurophysiology, metabolism, energetics, thermoregulation and biomechanics. These topics will be considered within evolutionary and ecological contexts. Students will be expected to give a brief oral presentation on recently published primary research involving exercise physiology.
Prerequisite: BIOC33H3 or BIOC34H3
Exclusion: HMB472H
Enrolment Limits: 50
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD45H3    Animal Communication

Theoretical and biological aspects of communication in non-human animals; communication behaviour; decision-making and signal design; evolution of communication.
Prerequisite: [(BIOB30H3) or BIOB34H3] & BIOB50H3 & BIOB51H3 & BIOC54H3
Exclusion: (BGYD45H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD48H3    Ornithology and Herpetology

An overview of the evolution, ecology, behaviour, and conservation of amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Field projects and laboratories will emphasize identification of species in Ontario.
Prerequisite: BIOB50H3, BIOB51H3 & one of the following: BIOC50H3; BIOC54H3 or BIOC61H3
Exclusion: EEB386H, EEB384H
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD52H3    Special Topics in Biodiversity and Systematics

A seminar exploration of current topics in biodiversity and systematics, including the molecular genetic, organismal, and community levels.  Topics may include DNA barcoding, homology and developmental genetics, adaptive radiations, and morphological v.s. molecular systematics.  The course is intended to develop ability in critical thinking and interpretation of the primary literature.  Coursework will involve class presentations, discussions, and written analyses.
Prerequisite: BIOC50H3
Exclusion: (BGYD52H3)
Enrolment Limits: 30
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD53H3    Special Topics in Behavioural Ecology

An exploration into current topics in the field of behavioural ecology, the study of the evolutionary and ecological influences on animal behaviour. Topics may include sexual selection and conflict, social behaviour, communication, and behavioural mechanisms. Emphasis will be on current research and the quantitative and qualitative reasoning underlying behavioural ecological theory.
Prerequisite: BIOC54H3
Exclusion: EEB496Y, (BGYD53H3), (BIO496Y)
Enrolment Limits: 30
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD60H3    Spatial Ecology

The study of how space and scale influence ecological patterns and species coexistence. The course will cover three main topics: 1) spatial dynamics, such as spatial spread and dispersal models; 2) species coexistence with metapopulation/metacommunity, neutral and lottery models; and 3) spatial analysis of ecological communities. Basic concepts will be applied to ecological problems such as: species invasions, reserve design and understanding threats to island biodiversity.
Priority will be given to students enrolled in the specialist program in Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution.
Prerequisite: BIOB50H3 & STAB22H3 & [BIOC59H3 or BIOC61H3]
Exclusion: (BGYD60H3)
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD62H3    Species and Speciation

Importance of species as the basic unit of evolution and different species concepts. Origin of species: processes of speciation (allopatric, sympatric; chromosomal speciation; speciation through sexual selection); pre-zygotic (habitat/temporal/pollinator/behavioural isolation) vs. post-zygotic speciation (extrinsic and intrinsic post-zygotic isolation); adaptive radiation; different rates of speciation. Flipside of speciation: extinction.
Prerequisite: BIOC50H3
Exclusion: EEB340H
Enrolment Limits: 30
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD65H3    Pathologies of the Nervous System

An intensive examination of selected pathologies affecting the nervous system such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. These pathologies will be examined from an integrative perspective encompassing the pathogeneses, resulting symptoms, and current therapeutic approaches. This course requires critical examination of research articles.
Prerequisite: [BIOB11H3 or BIOB10Y3] & [one of NROC61H3 or NROC64H3 or NROC69H3]
Exclusion: (BGYD65H3), (NROD65H3)
Enrolment Limits: 30
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD66H3    Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity

This course will combine lecture and student paper projects and presentations to explore the evolutionary and ecological processes that generate patterns of biological diversity as well as how species interactions and ecosystem function are affected by diversity. Of key interest will be how invasions, climate change, and habitat destruction affects diversity and function.
Prerequisite: BIOB51H3 & [BIOC59H3 or BIOC61H3]
Enrolment Limits: 30
Breadth Requirement: Natural Sciences

BIOD95H3    Supervised Study in Biology

This course is designed to permit intensive examination of the primary literature of a select topic. Frequent consultation with the supervisor is necessary and extensive library research is required. The project will culminate in a written report.
Students must obtain a permission form from SW420B that is to be completed and signed by the intended supervisor, then returned to SW420B. At that time, the student will be provided with an outline of the schedule and general requirements for the course. 5 sessions of group instruction will form part of the coursework.
Prerequisite: Satisfactory completion of 12.5 full credits, of which at least four must be Biology B- or C-level courses. Students must have permission of the instructor. In order to be eligible for BIOD95H3, with the same instructor as for BIOD98Y3 or BIOD99Y3, the student and instructor must provide a plan that goes beyond the work of those courses.
Exclusion: (BGYD03H3), (BGYD95H3)

BIOD96Y3    Directed Research in Paramedicine

This course is designed to permit intensive examination of clinical databases or published literature/reports related to emergency medicine or paramedicine. Students will analyse data from these sources to address a fundamental question or concern related to patient treatment and/or outcomes from the point-of-view of "best practice" procedures in emergency medicine or paramedicine. A quantitative or statistical analysis of the problem is expected. In addition to examining the question or concern from a clinical treatment perspective, students are expected to gain an appropriate level of understanding of the physiology, anatomy, pharmacology and epidemiology underlying the question that they are addressing. The project will culminate in a written report and possibly an oral presentation.
Students will work under the supervision of an emergency medicine/paramedicine practitioner/professional/researcher who will guide the research. Students must also report to a UTSC faculty member who will serve as a co-supervisor.
In order to enrol in this course students must seek an individual who will supervise the research and then obtain permission from the course instructor.
Prerequisite: Minimum of 15.0 credits including PMDC54Y3 & PMDC56H3 & [PSYB07H3 or STAB22H3] & PSYC08H3 or permission of instructor.

BIOD98Y3    Directed Research in Biology

A course designed to permit laboratory or field research or intensive examination of a selected topic in biology. Supervision of the work is arranged by mutual agreement between student and instructor.
Students must obtain a permission form from SW420B that is to be completed and signed by the intended supervisor, and returned SW420B. At that time, the student will be provided with an outline of the schedule and general requirements for the course. 10 sessions of group instruction will form part of the coursework.
Prerequisite: Satisfactory completion of 13.5 full credits, of which at least four must be Biology B- or C-level courses and permission of the instructor.
Exclusion: CSB498Y, EEB498Y, (BGYD01Y3), (BGYD98Y3), (BOT460Y), (ZOO498Y)

BIOD99Y3    Directed Research in Biology

Identical to BIOD98Y3 but intended as a second research experience. In order to be eligible for BIOD99Y3, with the same instructor, the student and the instructor will have to provide a plan of study that goes beyond the work of BIOD98Y3.
Prerequisite: Satisfactory completion of 13.5 full credits, of which at least four must be Biology B- or C-level courses and permission of the instructor.
Exclusion: CSB498Y, EEB498Y, (BGYD02Y3), (BGYD99Y3), (BOT460Y), (ZOO498Y)