Stephen Reid Associate Professor of Zoology Phone: (416) 287-7445 e-mail: sgreid@utsc.utoronto.ca website: www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~sgreid
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Research Focus Stephen Reid's research interests lie in the broad field of respiratory physiology and the neural control of breathing. One of the major themes of his research focuses on breathing pattern formation in vertebrates. Most people generally think of breathing as a continuous process of inspiration and expiration that that continues non-stop. However, many animals, including lower vertebrates and some hypo-metabolic mammals, breathe discontinuously or in episodes with clusters of breaths separated by periods of no breathing or apnea. Dr. Reid's research focuses on how the central nervous system regulates episodic breathing and how central mechanisms are modulated by feedback from blood O2 and CO2 chemoreceptors and from stretch receptors in the lungs. These studies, which focus predominately on amphibians such as Cane toads, utilise isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparations which allow for the study of CNS mechanisms in isolation. Dr. Reid's research also examines the central mechanisms that lead to alterations in respiratory control following exposure to long term reductions in inspired oxygen. Low levels of O2 (hypoxia) are encountered by animals (including humans) at high altitude, by burrowing animals living underground, by amphibians who spend the winter underwater and by fish living in stagnant ponds. Following approximately 8-10 days of chronic hypoxia, significant changes occur in the respiratory control systems. For example, the chemoreceptors that detect oxygen in the arterial blood become more sensitive to low levels of oxygen. Additionally, the central nervous system becomes more sensitive to the input that it receives from these chemoreceptors. Stephen's research examines the mechanisms within the brainstem that lead to this increase in CNS sensitivity to chemoreceptor input. He currently holds a Parker B. Francis Fellowship in pulmonary research from the Francis Families Foundation. Recent Publications Srivaratharajah, K. Cui, A., McAneney, J. and Reid, S.G. (2008) Chronic Hypoxic Hypercapnia Modifies In vivo and In vitro Ventilatory Chemoreflexes in the Cane Toad. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 160:249-258. Bavis, R.W., Powell, F.L., Bradford, A., Hsia, C.C.W., Peltonen, J.E., Soliz, J., Zeis, B., Fergusson, E.K., Fu, Z., Gassman, M., Kim, C.B., Maurer, J., McGuire, M., Miller, B.M., O¡¯Halloran, K.D., Paul, R.J., Reid, S.G., Rusko, H.K., Tikkanen, H.O. and Wilkinson, K.A.. (2007) Respiratory plasticity in response to changes in oxygen supply and demand. Integrative and Comparative Biology 47(4):532-551. McAneney, J. and Reid, S.G. (2007) Chronic hypoxia attenuates central respiratory-related pH/CO2 chemosensitivity in the cane toad. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 156:266-275. Gheshmy, A., Anari, A., Besada, D. and Reid, S.G. (2007) Afferent input modulates the chronic hypercapnia-induced increase in respiratory-related central pH/CO2 chemosensitivity in the cane toad (Bufo marinus). Journal of Experimental Biology 210:227-237. Reid, S.G. (2006) The interaction between mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors in amphibians. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 154:133-144. Chung, S., Ivy, G. and Reid, S.G. (2006) GABA mediated neurotransmission in the nucleus of the solitary tract alters resting ventilation following exposure to chronic hypoxia in Sprague-Dawley rats. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291:R1449-R1456. Gheshmy, A., Vukelich, R., Noronha, A. and Reid, S.G. (2006) Chronic hypercapnia modulates respiratory-related central pH/CO2 chemoreception in an amphibian. Journal of Experimental Biology 209:1135-1146. McAneney, J., Gheshmy, A., Uthayalingam, S. and Reid, S.G. (2006). The effects of chronic hypoxia on NMDA-mediated regulation of the hypoxic ventilatory response in an amphibian, Bufo marinus. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 153:23-38. Florindo, L.H., Leite, C., Kalinin, A., Reid, S.G., Milsom, W.K. and Rantin, F.T. (2006) The role of branchial and orobranchial O2 chemoreceptors in the control of aquatic surface respiration ASR in the neotropical fish tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum: Progressive responses to prolonged hypoxia. Journal of Experimental Biology 209:1709-1715. Reid, S.G. and Powell, F. (2005) The effects of systemic NMDA receptor blockade on ventilatory acclimatisation to hypoxia. The Journal of Applied Physiology 99(6):2108-2114. Gilmour, K., Milsom, W.K., Rantin, F.T., Reid, S.G. and Perry, S.F. (2005) Cardiorespiratory responses to hypercarbia in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): chemoreceptor orientation and specificity. The Journal of Experimental Biology 208:1095-1107. Reid, S.G., Perry, S.F., Gilmour, K., Milsom, W.K. and Rantin, F.T. (2005) Reciprocal modulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide cardiorespiratory chemoreflexes in the tambaqui. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 146:175-194. Reid, S.G. and West, N.H. (2004) Regulation of episodic breathing by phasic pulmonary stretch receptor feedback in the Cane Toad, Bufo marinus. Respiration Physiology and Neurobiology 142:165-183. Wang, T., Taylor, E.W., Reid, S.G. and Milsom, W.K. (2004) Interactive effects of mechano- and chemo-receptor inputs on cardio-respiratory outputs in the toad. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 140:63-76. Florindo, L.H., Reid, S.G., Kalinin, A. and Milsom, W.K. (2004) Cardiorespiratory reflexes and aquatic surface respiration in the tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum: prolonged, acute responses to hypercarbia. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 174:319-328. Perry, S.F., Reid, S.G., Gilmour, K., Boijink, C., Lopes, J, Milsom, W.K. and Rantin, F.T. (2004) A comparison of adrenergic stress responses in three tropical teleosts exposed to acute hypoxia. American Journal of Physiology 287:R188-R197. Reid, S.G., Sundin, L., Florindo, L.H., Rantin, F.T. and Milsom, W.K. (2003) Effects of afferent input on the breathing pattern continuum in the Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. Respiration Physiology and Neurobiology 36:39-53. Reid, S.G. and Perry, S.F. (2003) Peripheral O2 chemoreceptors mediate humoral catecholamine secretion from fish chromaffin cells. American Journal of Physiology. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284:R990-R999. Perry, S.F. and Reid, S.G. (2002) Cardiorespiratory adjustments during hypercarbia in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss are initiated by external CO2 receptors on the first gill arch. Journal of Experimental Biology 205(21):3357-3365. Milsom, W.K, Reid, S.G., Rantin, F.T. and Sundin, L. (2002) Extrabranchial chemoreceptors involved in respiratory reflexes in the neotropical fish; Colossoma macropomum (The Tambaqui). Journal of Experimental Biology 205(12):1765-1774. Sundin, L., Burleson, M., Wang, T., Reid, S.G., Salgado, H., Abe, A., Glass, M. and Milsom, W.K. (2001) Pulmonary receptors in reptiles: Discharge patterns of receptor populations in snakes versus turtle. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 171:103-111. Reid S.G., Milsom, W.K., Meier, J., Munns, S. and West, N.H. (2000) The role of pulmonary stretch receptor feedback in cardiorespiratory control in the Cane toad (Bufo marinus). Respiration Physiology 120(3):213-230. Reid, S.G., Meier, J. and Milsom, W.K. (2000) The influence of central descending inputs on breathing pattern in the in vitro isolated bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) brainstem-spinal cord. Respiration Physiology 120(3):197-211. Sundin, L., Reid, S.G., Rantin, F.T. and Milsom, W.K. (2000) Cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes in the Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Role of gill O2 and CO2 chemoreceptors. Journal of Experimental Biology 203(7):1225-1239. Reid, S.G., Sundin, L., Kalinin, A., Rantin, F.T. and Milsom, W.K. (2000) Cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes in the tropical fish, Traira (Hoplias malabaricus). II. Role of gill pH/CO2 chemoreceptors. Respiration Physiology 120(1): 47-59. TOP
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